Berlín (Berlin): Umění Mayů si zaslouží superlativy (Martin-Gropius-Bau: The Maya – Language of Beauty)

Doba od pádu Říše římské do korunovace Karla Velikého na císaře je v evropských dějinách časem neklidným, temným a barbarským. Naopak ve Střední Americe rozkvétala podivuhodně vyspělá civilizace Mayů.

Indiáni na Yucatánu budovali města spojená sítí silnic, stavěli pyramidy, chrámy a observatoře, znali hieroglyfické písmo, předběhli dobu v astronomii a aritmetice. K velkoleposti jejich odkazu patří i pozoruhodné výtvarné umění.

Nejvýznamnější výstavní síň v Berlíně Martin-Gropius-Bau představuje do 7. srpna největší expozici umění Mayů, jaká byla v tomto století v Evropě k vidění. Na tři sta soch z kamene i pálené hlíny, stél s nápisy i pohřebních masek bylo do Německa zapůjčeno z předních mexických muzeí. Pocházejí z bývalých center říše Mayů, jako byly Tikal, Palenque, Copán nebo Chichén Itzá.

Mayové věřili ve zrod vesmíru i v jeho zánik. Vše podléhalo cyklům, které se daly matematicky vyjádřit a výtvarně zobrazit. Náboženství ovlivnilo jejich kulturu. Smyslem obřadů i umění bylo uklidnit bohy.

Výstava ukazuje, že hlavním motivem mayského sochařství bylo lidské i božské tělo. Mayové přitom všechny tvary zvláštním způsobem deformovali, kombinovali realitu s někdy až děsivou fantazií. Jejich přísná i hravá stylizace ovlivnila dokonce i moderní umění – obdivovali ji anglický výtvarník Henry Moore i český sochař Karel Hladík.

Berlínská výstava dává v mnohém za pravdu znalci starých amerických kultur G. H. S. Bushnellovi, který kdysi napsal, že mayské umění zahrnuje takové množství skvělých výtvorů, že je těžké při jeho hodnocení neužívat superlativů.

Peter Kováč

Na výstavu pořádáme zájezd:

http://stavitele-katedral.cz/cervencovy-umelecky-vikend-mayove-%E2%80%93-rec-krasy-zlaty-vek-spanelskeho-umeni%E2%80%93-umeni-doby-velazqueze-lee-miller-mona-lisa-surrealismu-carl-andre-velikan-americkeho-minimalismu-carl-andre

The Maya – Language of Beauty, 12 April – 7 August 2016, WED to MON 10:00 to 19:00, TUE closed, Admission € 10 / reduced € 7, Groups (of 5 or more) € 7 per person

Foto: tiskové oddělení Martin-Gropius-Bau

Oficiální anotace:

The Maya are one of the oldest cultures in the world. This exhibition is all about the magnificent artistic forms of expression of the Maya. With a collection of around 300 works of art, including many Mexican national treasures, it displays the fundamental aspects of pre-Hispanic art: the body and the physique are central to this exhibition.

The Maya present their vision of life using various materials and techniques from their daily life, splendid buildings and works of art. They describe their relationship with gods, their everyday existence, their literature, their astronomy, their music and their dances. What often dominates these works is an idealised notion of humanity, which the Maya retained not only in their conception of humans and the ideal of beauty, but also in the location of mankind in the cosmos.

In 2016, Mexico and Germany are organising a joint year of culture. The highlights include this Mayan exhibition with showpieces that are among Mexico’s most precious cultural assets. On the Yucatán Peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico, between 500 B.C. and 1500 A.D., they created a variety of the highest artistic forms in art too, and with reliefs, busts and figures made of stone or clay, they were far ahead of all the contemporary cultures on their continent.

Religion characterised their culture. To appease the gods, they subjected themselves to various rites, to which the cult of the body was central, as is demonstrated by numerous artefacts:

To achieve their ideal of beauty, they used the body as a “canvas”. They altered their physical appearance in many ways. This ranged from everyday methods such as hairstyles and skin colour to tooth jewellery, scars, tattoos and artistic modification of the body shape, which changed the appearance for life and stood as a visible expression of cultural identity and social belonging.

Clothing indicated the social status of a person. The majority of the population dressed simply: women wore a “huipil”, a kind of tunic, and men wore a loincloth. The noble dressed elegantly with artistically worked clothing, accessories such as belts, necklaces, head coverings, and breast and head ornaments set with precious stones and feathers, as can be seen in quite a number of the artefacts.

The Maya regarded the differences between the human and animal kingdoms as part of their world view, which was based on complementary contrasts: life and death, humankind and nature, human and animal. They believed animals possessed supernatural powers and could speak and think. Those who reigned reinforced their power by attributing special abilities to themselves, which enabled them to leave their body at night and move freely in the form of incredible animal-like beings.

The Maya worshipped many gods and shrines. They believed everything originating from unexplainable and fearsome natural phenomena as well as the material and spiritual were an expression of all existence. The representatives of these deities possessed human characteristics with imaginative components; the overlaying of various gods resulted in contrasting manifestations. Like nature itself, they were able to be male and female, young and old, animal and human, creative and destructive at the same time.

The enigmatic writings of the Maya have recently been decrypted, the ruling dynasties are known, number systems and calendar calculations have been investigated, and yet the Mayan Indians, of which eight million remain today, are still shrouded in mystery.